Which of the following is NOT one of the four standards of proof commonly seen in adjudications?

The correct choice emphasizes a standard of proof that is not recognized in legal adjudications. The commonly accepted standards of proof in adjudications include "Preponderance of the evidence," "Beyond a reasonable doubt," and "Clear and convincing evidence."

"Preponderance of the evidence" is often used in civil cases and means that something is more likely true than not true. "Beyond a reasonable doubt" is a higher standard used primarily in criminal cases, signifying that there is a very high level of certainty regarding the guilt of the accused. "Clear and convincing evidence" serves as a middle ground and requires a higher degree of certainty than preponderance but less than beyond a reasonable doubt.

The answer provided, "Clear and established," does not reflect a recognized standard of proof in legal adjudications. It is important to understand that each standard serves a specific purpose and context within the legal system, making this distinction crucial for legal reasoning and argumentation.